Urinary Incontinence

In Portugal, urinary incontinence affects around 20% of the population over 40 years old, meaning that 1 in 5 Portuguese people over the age of 40 suffer from this condition. This disorder is characterised by the involuntary loss of urine, typically associated with weakening of the pelvic floor muscles or involuntary contractions of the bladder. Although more common in adults, especially in women, it can also occur in children, particularly in cases of malformations or urinary infections.

Urinary incontinence can take several forms. Stress incontinence occurs when there is urine leakage during activities that increase abdominal pressure, such as coughing, laughing, or lifting heavy weights. This happens due to weakness in the muscles that control the bladder. Urge incontinence happens when the person feels an intense need to urinate and cannot hold it until reaching the bathroom. This type of incontinence is caused by the bladder contracting involuntarily. Mixed incontinence combines both types, with urine leakage during physical exertion as well as the urgent need to urinate. Overflow incontinence occurs when the bladder becomes overly full and begins to overflow, which can be caused by obstruction or the inability of the bladder to empty properly. Lastly, functional incontinence occurs when a person knows they need to urinate but cannot reach the bathroom in time due to physical or cognitive limitations, such as in elderly individuals with mobility issues.

Treatment depends on the type and cause of each case. Obesity, neurological conditions, or urinary tract malformations contribute to the problem.

Diagnosis requires several tests, including an analysis of bladder function and tests to assess the pressure exerted by the bladder and its sphincter. Treatment may involve medication, surgical interventions, or pelvic floor rehabilitation, which is an effective technique for strengthening pelvic muscles.

Prevention includes maintaining healthy habits such as drinking the recommended daily amount of water (1.5 to 2 litres), controlling weight, avoiding prolonged urinary retention, preventing constipation, and practising exercises specifically designed to strengthen the pelvic floor.