Hand-foot-and-mouth syndrome is a common viral infection, especially in children under the age of 5, though it can also affect adults. This condition is caused by a virus and primarily spreads through direct contact with respiratory secretions such as saliva and nasal mucus, or through contact with faeces and fluids from skin lesions. Transmission can also occur through close contact with contaminated surfaces, as the virus can survive for a period of time on objects, known as fomites.
The initial symptoms are often similar to those of a cold or flu, such as low-grade fever, sore throat, loss of appetite, and fatigue. After one to two days, typical lesions appear in the mouth, which can become painful and make eating and drinking difficult. Oral ulcers, usually located on the cheeks, gums, and tongue, can be extremely uncomfortable. The skin rash, on the other hand, primarily appears on the hands and feet, and in some cases, on the buttocks and legs. The red spots evolve into small blisters, which is one of the most characteristic signs of the disease. Although the fever is usually low-grade, it can persist for several days.
The treatment for hand-foot-and-mouth syndrome is mainly symptomatic, as there is no specific antiviral treatment for the disease. Pain and fever-relieving medications, such as paracetamol, are commonly used to manage symptoms. However, it is crucial to avoid medications like aspirin®, especially in children. Additionally, hydration is essential, as difficulty in drinking due to mouth ulcers can lead to dehydration. If symptoms worsen or the patient shows signs of dehydration, such as dry mouth, reduced urine output, or excessive drowsiness, it is important to seek medical attention.
Prevention of hand-foot-and-mouth syndrome mainly involves practising good hygiene measures. Frequent hand washing, especially after contact with an infected person or touching potentially contaminated surfaces, is one of the most effective ways to reduce the spread of the virus. Furthermore, children with a confirmed diagnosis should stay at home during the infectious period (usually while they have a fever and visible lesions) to prevent transmission to others. Although immunity acquired after infection is largely long-lasting, it is possible for children to be reinfected.
13, February 2025
